Examples cited in the previous section may indicate that organizations use only one type of license. However, examples show that organizations adapt their licensing strategies over time and move from one type to another. In addition, it is clear that organizations are diversifying their licensing strategies for different technologies. In one example, BP Chemicals allowed patents on acetic acid only very selectively, while attempting to grant aggressive licenses to its polyethylene patents [53]. We will then describe and illustrate in Figure 4 some examples of specific changes to the opening of licensing. We would like to thank Jorge Contreras for the development and dissemination of the list of patent promises and for his invaluable feedback on a previous draft of this document. We thank Ove Granstrand for his support of taxonomy development and to participants in the Open IP and Innovation and IP Management (IIPM) research seminars at the University of Cambridge. This research project is funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Research and Development Management Association (RADMA). At the IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society`s 2019 International Conference in Atlanta, USA, we presented patent saxonomy. Promises of patents are a phenomenon that has recently attracted attention both in the day-to-day affairs of organizations and in academic literature. A review of existing research has shown that the concept of patent seizure is still not clearly defined. We believe this is due to the fact that the examination of different types of patent seizures has been largely neglected. Not only patent promises, but also most patenting approaches suffer from a lack of coherent definitions that prohibit a clear distinction between licensing strategies and the comparison of academic research.

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